P - 1
In the United States, railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals. The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads. The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks. Chicago’s growth illustrates the impact of these rail links. In 1849 Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service. By 1860 it had become a city of 100,000, served by eleven railroads. Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain , livestock , and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans; they could now ship their products directly east. Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America’s main commercial hub.
S - 1
In the United States, railroads spearheaded the second phase of the transportation revolution by overtaking the previous importance of canals.
- 重点单词解析:
- spearheaded:动词,是“带头;做先锋;领先”的意思,在这里形象地描述了铁路在交通运输革命第二阶段中所起的引领作用,表明铁路率先推动了这一阶段的发展。
- overtaking:动词的现在分词形式,原形为“overtake”,有“超过;赶上;压倒”等含义,在此处表示铁路超越了运河之前的重要性,突出了铁路在交通运输领域地位的上升。
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主干结构是“railroads spearheaded the second phase…”,其中“railroads”是主语,指铁路;“spearheaded”是谓语动词,描述铁路的行为;“the second phase of the transportation revolution”是宾语,表明铁路引领的对象是交通运输革命的第二阶段。
- “by overtaking the previous importance of canals”是一个方式状语,用来说明铁路是通过超越运河以前的重要性这一方式来引领交通运输革命第二阶段的。
S - 2
The mid-1800s saw a great expansion of American railroads.
- 重点单词解析:
- saw:在这里是“见证;经历”的意思,是一种拟人化的用法,将时间(the mid-1800s)拟人化,使其具有见证某事发生的能力,这种用法在英语中较为常见,用于强调某个时期发生的重大事件或变化。
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主语是“the mid-1800s”,表示时间;谓语动词是“saw”;“a great expansion of American railroads”是宾语,整体句子结构是时间主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语的形式,描述了在19世纪中叶美国铁路经历了大规模的扩张这一情况。
S - 3
The major cities east of the Mississippi River were linked by a spiderweb of railroad tracks.
- 重点单词解析:
- linked:动词的过去分词形式,原形为“link”,意为“连接;联系”,在这里表示各大城市被铁路轨道连接起来,强调城市之间通过铁路建立起了联系。
- spiderweb:名词,意为“蜘蛛网”,在这里用“a spiderweb of railroad tracks”来比喻铁路轨道纵横交错的样子,就像蜘蛛网一样,形象地描绘出铁路轨道分布的密集和复杂程度。
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主干结构是“The major cities… were linked…”,其中“The major cities east of the Mississippi River”是主语,指密西西比河以东的主要城市;“were linked”是谓语动词的被动语态形式,说明这些城市是被连接的状态;“by a spiderweb of railroad tracks”是被动语态的执行者,表明是由铁路轨道这个“蜘蛛网”来完成连接动作的。
S - 4
Chicago’s growth illustrates the impact of these rail links.
- 重点单词解析:
- illustrates:动词,意为“说明;阐明;举例说明”,在这里表示芝加哥的发展情况能够说明这些铁路连接所产生的影响,即通过芝加哥的例子来展示铁路连接带来的作用。
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主干结构是“Chicago’s growth illustrates the impact…”,其中“Chicago’s growth”是主语,指芝加哥的发展;“illustrates”是谓语动词;“the impact of these rail links”是宾语,整体描述了芝加哥的发展能够阐释铁路连接的影响这一内容。
S - 5
In 1849 Chicago was a village of a few hundred people with virtually no rail service.
- 重点单词解析:
- virtually:副词,意为“几乎;实际上;实质上”,在这里修饰“no rail service”,强调在1849年时芝加哥几乎没有铁路服务这一情况,加强了否定的程度。
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主干结构是“Chicago was a village…”,其中“Chicago”是主语,指芝加哥;“was”是谓语动词;“a village of a few hundred people”是表语,用来描述芝加哥当时的状态是一个只有几百人的村庄;“with virtually no rail service”是伴随状语,进一步说明当时芝加哥除了是一个小村庄外,还几乎没有铁路服务的情况。
S - 6
By 1860 it had become a city of 100,000, served by eleven railroads.
- 重点单词解析:
- served:动词的过去分词形式,原形为“serve”,在这里有“服务;为……提供服务”的意思,“served by eleven railroads”表示被十一条铁路提供服务,描述了到1860年时芝加哥已经发展成为一个有十万人口的城市,并且有十一条铁路为其服务的情况。
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主干结构是“it had become a city…”,其中“it”指代前面提到的芝加哥;“had become”是过去完成时的谓语动词形式,强调在过去某个时间(1860年)之前已经完成的动作,即芝加哥已经变成了一个城市;“a city of 100,000”是表语,描述城市的规模;“served by eleven railroads”是后置定语,用来修饰“a city”,说明这个城市是被十一条铁路服务的。
S - 7
Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain, livestock, and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans; they could now ship their products directly east.
- 重点单词解析:
- no longer:不再,用于否定句中,表示过去常做某事而现在不再做了,在这里说明芝加哥北部和西部的农民过去需要通过密西西比河把农产品运往新奥尔良,现在不再需要这样做了。
- ship:动词,在这里意为“运输;运送”,表示农民运送农产品的动作。
- 语法分析:
- 句子由两个分句组成,用分号隔开。第一个分句“Farmers to the north and west of Chicago no longer had to ship their grain, livestock, and dairy products down the Mississippi River to New Orleans”的主干结构是“Farmers… had to ship…”,其中“Farmers to the north and west of Chicago”是主语,指芝加哥北部和西部的农民;“no longer”是状语,修饰“had to ship”;“had to ship”是谓语动词,表示不得不做某事;“their grain, livestock, and dairy products”是宾语,指农民要运输的农产品;“down the Mississippi River to New Orleans”是状语,说明运输的路线是沿着密西西比河到新奥尔良。第二个分句“they could now ship their products directly east”的主干结构是“they could ship…”,其中“they”指代前面提到的农民;“could now ship”是谓语动词,表示现在能够做某事;“their products”是宾语;“directly east”是状语,说明运输的方向是直接向东。
S - 8
Chicago supplanted New Orleans as the interior of America’s main commercial hub.
- 重点单词解析:
- supplanted:动词,原形为“supplant”,意为“取代;代替”,在这里表示芝加哥取代了新奥尔良成为美国内陆主要商业中心的地位,强调了芝加哥在商业地位上的上升和新奥尔良相应的地位下降。
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主干结构是“Chicago supplanted New Orleans…”,其中“Chicago”是主语,指芝加哥;“supplanted”是谓语动词;“New Orleans”是宾语,指被取代的对象;“as the interior of America’s main commercial hub”是状语,说明取代的结果是成为美国内陆主要商业中心。
P - 2
The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest. By 1860 Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York as the leading wheat-growing states. Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East, railroads increased the value of farmland and promoted additional settlement. In turn, population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago, Davenport (Iowa), and Minneapolis, for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour.
S - 1
The east-west rail lines stimulated the settlement and agricultural development of the Midwest.
- 主要内容:指出东西向的铁路线对中西部地区的定居和农业发展起到了刺激作用。
- 关键词:east-west rail lines(东西向铁路线)、stimulated(刺激)、settlement(定居)、agricultural development(农业发展)、Midwest(中西部)
- 逻辑关系:该句为段落的起始句,引出了铁路线与中西部地区发展之间的关系这一主题。
S - 2
By 1860 Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin had replaced Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York as the leading wheat-growing states.
- 主要内容:说明到1860年时,伊利诺伊州、印第安纳州和威斯康星州已经取代了俄亥俄州、宾夕法尼亚州和纽约州,成为了主要的小麦种植州。
- 关键词:By 1860(到1860年)、Illinois(伊利诺伊州)、Indiana(印第安纳州)、Wisconsin(威斯康星州)、replaced(取代)、leading wheat-growing states(主要的小麦种植州)、Ohio(俄亥俄州)、Pennsylvania(宾夕法尼亚州)、New York(纽约州)
- 逻辑关系:承接上一句,进一步阐述了由于铁路线对农业发展的刺激,中西部地区的一些州在小麦种植方面的地位发生了变化,具体展示了农业发展的成果。
S - 3
Enabling farmers to speed their products to the East, railroads increased the value of farmland and promoted additional settlement.
- 主要内容:铁路使得农民能够将他们的农产品更快地运往东部地区,从而提高了农田的价值,并促进了更多的定居活动。
- 关键词:Enabling(使能够)、speed(加速、快速运送)、products(产品,这里指农产品)、railroads(铁路)、increased(增加)、value of farmland(农田价值)、promoted(促进)、additional settlement(额外的定居活动)
- 逻辑关系:继续围绕铁路展开,解释了铁路对农业发展带来的具体影响,即加速农产品运输、提升农田价值和促进更多定居,是对上一句农业发展成果原因的进一步说明。
S - 4
In turn, population growth in agricultural areas triggered industrial development in cities such as Chicago, Davenport (Iowa), and Minneapolis, for the new settlers needed lumber for fences and houses and mills to grind wheat into flour.
- 主要内容:反过来,农业地区的人口增长又引发了诸如芝加哥、达文波特(爱荷华州)和明尼阿波利斯等城市的工业发展,因为新的定居者需要木材来建造围栏和房屋,以及需要磨坊将小麦磨成面粉。
- 关键词:In turn(反过来)、population growth(人口增长)、agricultural areas(农业地区)、triggered(引发)、industrial development(工业发展)、Chicago(芝加哥)、Davenport(达文波特)、Minneapolis(明尼阿波利斯)、new settlers(新定居者)、lumber(木材)、fences(围栏)、houses(房屋)、mills(磨坊)、grind wheat into flour(将小麦磨成面粉)
- 逻辑关系:该句呈现了一种因果关系的连锁反应,先是铁路促进农业发展和定居,导致农业地区人口增长,而人口增长又进一步引发了相关城市的工业发展,因为新定居者有对木材和磨坊等的需求,从而完整地阐述了从铁路建设到农业发展、人口增长再到工业发展的一系列连锁影响。
P - 3
Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes. The Illinois Central Railroad, which had more track than any other railroad in 1855, made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation . Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations. The selection of Manteno, Illinois, as a stop of the Illinois Central, for example, transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in 1854 into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in 1860, replete with hotels, lumberyards , grain elevators, and gristmills . By the Civil War (1861–1865), few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers .
S - 1
Railroads also propelled the growth of small towns along their routes.
- 解析:
- 整体含义:铁路也推动了沿线小城镇的发展。此句开篇点明铁路对沿线小城镇发展的积极作用,引出下文关于具体铁路线路促进城镇发展的事例。
- 重点单词:
- propelled:动词propel的过去式,意为“推动;驱使;推进”,在这里形象地表达了铁路对小城镇发展起到的有力推动作用,是句子的核心动作动词。例如:The engine propelled the boat forward.(发动机推动船向前行驶。)
- 语法分析:
- 句子结构为主语(Railroads) + 谓语(propelled) + 宾语(the growth of small towns) + 状语(along their routes)。其中,along their routes表示地点状语,说明推动小城镇发展的地点范围是沿着铁路线。
S - 2
The Illinois Central Railroad, which had more track than any other railroad in 1855, made money not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation.
- 解析:
- 整体含义:1855年,伊利诺伊中央铁路拥有的铁轨比其他任何铁路都要多,它不仅通过运输业务赚钱,还通过房地产投机获利。此句进一步以伊利诺伊中央铁路为例,阐述铁路的盈利方式,除了常规的运输业务,还涉及房地产投机。
- 重点单词:
- speculation:名词,意为“推测;投机;思索”,在这里是“投机”的意思,指在房地产领域进行的带有一定风险性的投资活动以获取利益,如:He lost a lot of money in property speculation.(他在房地产投机中损失了很多钱。)
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主语是The Illinois Central Railroad,其后跟了一个非限定性定语从句which had more track than any other railroad in 1855,用来对主语进行补充说明,描述其在1855年铁轨数量方面的情况。谓语是made,宾语是money,后面跟了两个并列的状语结构not only from its traffic but also from real estate speculation,表示赚钱的两种不同途径。
S - 3
Purchasing land for stations along its path, the Illinois Central then laid out towns around the stations.
- 解析:
- 整体含义:伊利诺伊中央铁路购买了沿线用于建设车站的土地,然后在车站周围规划建设了城镇。此句继续讲述伊利诺伊中央铁路在促进城镇发展方面的具体举措,即购买土地建车站并围绕车站规划城镇。
- 重点单词:
- laid out:是短语动词lay out的过去式,在这里意为“安排;布置;规划”,形象地描述了铁路公司对城镇建设的规划行为,如:They laid out the garden with beautiful flowers.(他们用美丽的花朵布置了花园。)
- 语法分析:
- 句首的Purchasing land for stations along its path是现在分词短语作状语,表示伴随情况,说明在进行后面的“规划城镇”这个动作时,同时伴随着“购买土地”的行为。句子的主语是the Illinois Central,谓语是laid out,宾语是towns,around the stations是地点状语,说明城镇规划的地点是在车站周围。
S - 4
The selection of Manteno, Illinois, as a stop of the Illinois Central, for example, transformed the site from a crossroads without a single house in 1854 into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in 1860, replete with hotels, lumberyards, grain elevators, and gristmills.
- 解析:
- 整体含义:例如,伊利诺伊州曼特诺被选为伊利诺伊中央铁路的一个站点,这使得该地从1854年一个没有一栋房子的十字路口变成了1860年一个拥有近千人的繁华城镇,到处都是酒店、木材厂、谷物升降机和磨坊。此句通过具体事例——曼特诺镇的发展,生动地展示了铁路站点选择对一个地方发展的巨大影响。
- 重点单词:
- transformed:动词transform的过去式,意为“改变;转变;使变形”,在这里准确地表达了该地从一种状态(没有房子的十字路口)到另一种状态(繁华城镇)的巨大变化,如:The magician transformed the rabbit into a dove.(魔术师把兔子变成了鸽子。)
- replete:形容词,意为“充满的;装满的;详尽的”,在这里用来形容城镇里充满了各种设施,如:The room was replete with beautiful furniture.(房间里摆满了漂亮的家具。)
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主语是The selection of Manteno, Illinois, as a stop of the Illinois Central,是一个较长的名词短语,表示“将伊利诺伊州曼特诺选为伊利诺伊中央铁路站点这件事”。谓语是transformed,宾语是the site,后面跟了一个from…into…结构,表示“从……变成……”的变化过程,from a crossroads without a single house in 1854是变化的起点,into a bustling town of nearly a thousand in 1860是变化的终点。句末的replete with hotels, lumberyards, grain elevators, and gristmills是形容词短语作后置定语,用来修饰a bustling town of nearly a thousand in 1860,进一步说明这个繁华城镇的具体情况。
S - 5
By the Civil War (1861–1865), few thought of the railroad-linked Midwest as a frontier region or viewed its inhabitants as pioneers.
- 解析:
- 整体含义:到南北战争(1861 - 1865年)时,几乎没有人再把与铁路相连的中西部地区看作是边疆地区,也不再把那里的居民看作是开拓者了。此句通过对比,说明在铁路发展带来的一系列变化之后,人们对中西部地区及其居民的看法发生了改变。
- 重点单词:
- frontier:名词,意为“边境;边疆;新领域”,在这里指中西部地区在未充分发展之前被视为边疆的那种相对偏远、未开发的状态,如:They lived on the frontier of the country.(他们住在国家的边境地区。)
- pioneers:名词复数,意为“开拓者;先驱者;先锋”,在这里指原本人们认为中西部地区的居民具有开拓新土地的那种先驱者的身份,如:The early settlers were the pioneers of this area.(早期的定居者是这个地区的开拓者。)
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主语是few,表示“几乎没有人”,是一个不定代词作主语。谓语由两个并列的动词短语thought of…as…和viewed…as…组成,分别表示“把……看作……”的意思,其中the railroad-linked Midwest和its inhabitants是两个动词短语的宾语,a frontier region和pioneers分别是对应的补语。By the Civil War (1861–1865)是时间状语,说明这种看法改变的时间节点。
P - 4
As the nation’s first big business, the railroads transformed the conduct of business. During the early 1830s, railroads, like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments. With the onset of economic depression in the late 1830s, however, state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects. Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid, and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals. The federal government took up some of the slack, but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before 1860. Rather, part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads. Such municipal governments, for example, often gave railroads rights-of-way, grants of land for stations, and public funds.
S - 1
As the nation’s first big business, the railroads transformed the conduct of business.
- 重点单词:
- transformed:动词,意为“改变;转变;使变形”,在这里表示铁路对商业行为产生了重大的改变作用,是句子的核心动作动词,描述了铁路所带来的影响。
- conduct:名词,常见意思为“行为;举止;管理;实施”,在句中“the conduct of business”表示“商业的运作/经营方式”,指的是商业活动开展的模式。
- 语法分析:
- “As the nation’s first big business”是一个介词短语作状语,用于说明铁路的地位,即作为国家的第一大产业。其中“as”表示“作为”的意思。整个句子的主语是“the railroads”,谓语动词是“transformed”,宾语是“the conduct of business”,句子结构为主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,清晰地表达了铁路改变商业运作方式这一主要内容。
S - 2
During the early 1830s, railroads, like canals, depended on financial aid from state governments.
- 重点单词:
- depended on:短语动词,意为“依靠;依赖”,表明铁路在当时的发展状况是依赖于州政府的财政援助,强调了铁路发展与州政府援助之间的依存关系。
- financial aid:名词短语,意思是“财政援助;经济援助”,明确指出了铁路所依靠的对象是来自州政府的资金方面的帮助。
- 语法分析:
- “During the early 1830s”是时间状语,说明事件发生的时间范围是在19世纪30年代初期。“railroads”是主语,“like canals”是插入语,用于将铁路和运河进行类比,让读者更容易理解铁路当时的情况。“depended on”是谓语动词短语,“financial aid from state governments”是宾语,其中“from state governments”是后置定语,修饰“financial aid”,表明援助的来源是州政府。整个句子结构为时间状语 + 主语 + 插入语 + 谓语 + 宾语,完整地阐述了在特定时间内铁路依赖州政府财政援助的情况。
S - 3
With the onset of economic depression in the late 1830s, however, state governments scrapped overly ambitious railroad projects.
- 重点单词:
- onset:名词,意为“开始;发作;起始”,在这里“the onset of economic depression”表示“经济萧条的开始”,准确地描述了经济状况发生变化的起始点。
- scrapped:动词,过去式,意思是“废弃;取消;抛弃”,表示州政府在经济萧条开始后对那些过于雄心勃勃的铁路项目采取的行动,即放弃这些项目。
- overly ambitious:形容词短语,用来修饰“railroad projects”,“overly”意为“过度地;过于”,“ambitious”意为“有雄心的;野心勃勃的”,合起来表示这些铁路项目规划得过于宏大、不切实际。
- 语法分析:
- “With the onset of economic depression in the late 1830s”是一个介词短语作状语,描述了事件发生的背景情况,即随着19世纪30年代后期经济萧条的开始。“however”是一个转折副词,用于引出与前文不同的情况。“state governments”是主语,“scrapped”是谓语动词,“overly ambitious railroad projects”是宾语,句子结构为状语 + 转折副词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,清晰地呈现了在经济萧条背景下州政府取消铁路项目的情况。
S - 4
Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes, voters turned against state aid, and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals.
- 重点单词:
- Convinced:过去分词形式,在这里作状语,其逻辑主语是“voters”,表示“相信;确信;使信服”的被动含义,即选民们因为某种原因而被说服。
- burdened:动词,过去式,意为“使负担;加负担于”,在这里表示铁路给他们(选民)带来了高额税收的负担。
- blasted:动词,过去式,有“摧毁;炸毁;抨击”等意思,在这里“blasted hopes”表示“破灭的希望”,形象地说明铁路给选民带来的负面影响不仅是经济上的负担,还有对未来期望的破灭。
- amended:动词,过去式,意为“修改;修订”,指几个州对他们的宪法进行修改的动作,表明州政府层面为应对相关情况采取的措施。
- bar:动词,意为“禁止;阻拦;阻止”,在这里表示通过修改宪法来禁止州政府对铁路和运河进行资金支持,明确了修改宪法的目的。
- 语法分析:
- “Convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes”是一个过去分词短语作状语,其完整的逻辑关系是“Because voters were convinced that railroads burdened them with high taxes and blasted hopes”,即因为选民们确信铁路给他们带来了高额税收负担并且破灭了他们的希望,所以他们采取了后续的行动。“voters”是主语,“turned against”是谓语动词短语,“state aid”是宾语,这部分构成了一个完整的句子,表示选民们反对州政府的援助。“and in the early 1840s, several states amended their constitutions to bar state funding for railroads and canals”是另一个并列的句子,“in the early 1840s”是时间状语,“several states”是主语,“amended”是谓语动词,“their constitutions”是宾语,“to bar state funding for railroads and canals”是目的状语,说明修改宪法的目的是禁止州政府对铁路和运河的资金支持。整个句子由两个并列句子组成,通过过去分词短语作状语引出第一个句子的原因,清晰地阐述了选民态度转变以及州政府相应措施的情况。
S - 5
The federal government took up some of the slack, but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before 1860.
- 重点单词:
- took up:短语动词,在这里意为“承担;占据;开始从事”,表示联邦政府承担起了一部分空缺的责任,即对铁路支持方面的空缺。
- slack:名词,常见意思为“松弛;懈怠;淡季;空闲”,在这里“some of the slack”表示“一部分空缺(的责任等)”,指的是在州政府减少对铁路支持后出现的支持空缺情况。
- stimulus:名词,意为“刺激;激励;促进因素”,“a major stimulus”表示“一个主要的刺激因素”,说明联邦政府的援助在1860年之前并没有成为铁路发展的一个主要推动因素。
- 语法分析:
- “The federal government”是主语,“took up”是谓语动词短语,“some of the slack”是宾语,这部分构成了第一个分句,说明联邦政府采取的行动。“but federal aid did not provide a major stimulus to railroads before 1860”是第二个分句,“federal aid”是主语,“did not provide”是谓语动词,“a major stimulus”是宾语,“to railroads”是间接宾语,“before 1860”是时间状语,整个句子由两个并列分句组成,通过“but”进行转折,表达了联邦政府虽有所行动但效果不佳的情况。
S - 6
Rather, part of the burden of finance passed to city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads.
- 重点单词:
- Rather:副词,在这里意为“相反;而是”,用于引出与前文不同的情况或补充说明。
- passed to:短语动词,意为“传递到;转移到”,表示负担的转移方向,即一部分财政负担转移到了特定的地方政府。
- 语法分析:
- “part of the burden of finance”是主语,“passed to”是谓语动词短语,“city and county governments in agricultural areas that wanted to attract railroads”是宾语,其中“in agricultural areas”是后置定语,修饰“city and county governments”,表明这些政府所在的区域是农业地区,“that wanted to attract railroads”是定语从句,修饰“city and county governments”,说明这些政府有吸引铁路的意愿。整个句子结构为主语 + 谓语 + 宾语,清晰地表达了财政负担转移的情况。
S - 7
Such municipal governments, for example, often gave railroads rights-of-way, grants of land for stations, and public funds.
- 重点单词:
- municipal:形容词,意为“市的;市政的;地方政府的”,用来修饰“governments”,明确这些政府是市级或地方政府的性质。
- rights-of-way:名词短语,复数形式,意思是“通行权;道路用地”,指的是给予铁路的一种权利,使其能够在特定区域铺设铁轨等。
- grants of land for stations:名词短语,意思是“用于建设车站的土地授予”,表明给予铁路的另一项支持是提供建设车站的土地。
- 语法分析:
- “Such municipal governments”是主语,“for example”是插入语,用于举例说明,“often”是副词,修饰谓语动词,“gave”是谓语动词,“railroads”是间接宾语,“rights-of-way, grants of land for stations, and public funds”是直接宾语,句子结构为主语 + 插入语 + 副词 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语,完整地阐述了这些地方政府给予铁路多种支持的情况。
P - 5
The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s, however, strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture. Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads, individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads. But the large railroads of the 1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate. Gradually, the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City, and in fact, it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation’s greatest capital market. The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the 1850s. In addition, the growth of railroads turned New York City into the center of modern investment firms. The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City, Philadelphia, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. Controlling the flow of funds to railroads, the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads’ internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.
S - 1
The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s, however, strained the financing capacity of local governments and required a turn toward private investment, which had never been absent from the picture.
- 重点单词解析:
- dramatic:形容词,意为“戏剧性的;急剧的;引人注目的”,在这里形容铁路网络的扩张程度非常大且显著,强调了这种扩张带来的影响。例如:The dramatic change in the weather surprised everyone.(天气的急剧变化让每个人都很惊讶。)
- strained:动词,是“strain”的过去式,有“使紧张;使过度劳累;使不堪承受”等意思,在这里表示铁路网络的扩张给地方政府的融资能力带来了压力,使其不堪重负。例如:The heavy workload strained his health.(繁重的工作量损害了他的健康。)
- financing capacity:名词短语,指“融资能力”,即筹集资金的能力。例如:The company’s financing capacity is crucial for its expansion plans.(公司的融资能力对其扩张计划至关重要。)
- private investment:名词短语,意为“私人投资”,与政府投资相对,指个人或私人企业进行的投资活动。例如:Private investment plays an important role in the economic development.(私人投资在经济发展中起着重要作用。)
- absent from:短语动词,意为“缺席;不在场”,在这里“had never been absent from the picture”表示私人投资从来都没有在这个场景(铁路发展的情况)中缺席过,即一直都有参与的意思。例如:He was absent from the meeting yesterday.(他昨天缺席了会议。)
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主语是“The dramatic expansion of the railroad network in the 1850s”,其中“of the railroad network”是后置定语修饰“expansion”,“in the 1850s”是时间状语,表明铁路网络扩张的时间。
- “strained”和“required”是并列的谓语动词,它们共用一个主语“the dramatic expansion…”,分别描述了这种扩张对地方政府融资能力的影响以及对转向私人投资的需求。
- “which had never been absent from the picture”是一个非限定性定语从句,用来修饰“private investment”,对私人投资在整个情况中的存在状态进行补充说明。
S - 2
Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads, individuals living near them had long purchased railroad stock issued by governments and had directly bought stock in railroads, often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads.
- 重点单词解析:
- Well aware of:短语,是“be aware of”的变体,在这里作状语,表示“充分意识到;深知”的意思,用来描述主语“individuals”的状态。例如:Well aware of the danger, he still decided to go ahead.(深知危险,他仍然决定继续前进。)
- railroad stock:名词短语,指“铁路股票”,是铁路公司为筹集资金而发行的一种证券,代表对铁路公司的部分所有权。例如:He invested a lot of money in railroad stock.(他在铁路股票上投资了很多钱。)
- issued by:过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰“railroad stock”,表示“由……发行”的意思。例如:The bonds issued by the government are usually considered safe.(由政府发行的债券通常被认为是安全的。)
- 语法分析:
- “Well aware of the economic benefits of railroads”是一个形容词短语作状语,放在句首用来强调主语“individuals”对铁路经济效益的知晓情况。
- “living near them”是现在分词短语作后置定语,修饰“individuals”,表示“住在它们(铁路)附近的”。
- “issued by governments”是过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰“railroad stock”,说明股票的发行主体是政府。
- “had long purchased”和“had directly bought”是并列的谓语动词,都采用了过去完成时,强调这些行为在过去某个时间之前就已经发生了,这里是在描述过去一段时间内住在铁路附近的人购买铁路股票的情况。
- “often paying by contributing their labor to building the railroads”是现在分词短语作状语,用来补充说明购买股票的方式,即通过为修建铁路贡献劳动力来支付。
S - 3
But the large railroads of the 1850s needed more capital than such small investors could generate.
- 重点单词解析:
- capital:名词,在这里指“资金;资本”,是企业或项目进行运营和发展所需的财力资源。例如:The company is short of capital for its expansion.(公司扩张缺乏资金。)
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主语是“the large railroads of the 1850s”,其中“of the 1850s”是后置定语修饰“railroads”,表明是18世纪50年代的大型铁路。
- “needed”是谓语动词,表示“需要”的意思。
- “more capital than such small investors could generate”是一个比较结构,其中“than”引导比较状语从句,“such small investors could generate”是从句部分,意思是“比这些小投资者能够产生的(资金)”,整个结构用来强调大型铁路所需资金超出了小投资者的能力范围。
S - 4
Gradually, the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City, and in fact, it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation’s greatest capital market.
- 重点单词解析:
- Gradually:副词,意为“逐渐地;逐步地”,用来修饰动词“shifted”,表示动作发生的方式是逐渐进行的。例如:The weather gradually became warmer.(天气逐渐变暖。)
- boom:名词,在这里指“繁荣;迅速发展”,“the railroad boom of the 1850s”表示18世纪50年代的铁路繁荣时期。例如:The economic boom brought many opportunities.(经济繁荣带来了许多机会。)
- 语法分析:
- “Gradually”是副词作状语,放在句首修饰整个句子,表示动作的渐进性。
- “the center of railroad financing shifted to New York City”是一个简单句,主语是“the center of railroad financing”,谓语是“shifted”,“to New York City”是地点状语,描述中心转移的目的地。
- “it was the railroad boom of the 1850s that helped make Wall Street in New York City the nation’s greatest capital market”是一个强调句,强调的部分是“the railroad boom of the 1850s”,其基本结构是“it is/was + 被强调部分 + that + 其余部分”,意思是“正是18世纪50年代的铁路繁荣帮助使纽约市的华尔街成为了美国最大的资本市场”。
S - 5
The stocks of all the leading railroads were traded on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during the 1850s.
- 重点单词解析:
- traded:动词,是“trade”的过去分词,在这里表示“交易;买卖”的意思,“were traded”是被动语态,说明股票是被交易的。例如:These goods are traded all over the world.(这些商品在全世界交易。)
- 语法分析:
- 句子的主语是“The stocks of all the leading railroads”,其中“of all the leading railroads”是后置定语修饰“stocks”,表示“所有主要铁路的股票”。
- “were traded”是谓语动词,采用被动语态,表明股票的交易状态是被进行交易。
- “on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange”是地点状语,说明交易发生的地点是纽约证券交易所的交易大厅。
- “during the 1850s”是时间状语,表明交易发生的时间是在18世纪50年代。
S - 6
In addition, the growth of railroads turned New York City into the center of modern investment firms.
- 重点单词解析:
- In addition:短语,意为“此外;另外”,用于在叙述中添加新的内容或信息。例如:In addition, we also need to consider the cost.(此外,我们还需要考虑成本。)
- turned…into…:短语动词,意为“把……变成……”,在这里表示铁路的增长使得纽约市变成了现代投资公司的中心。例如:The magician turned the rabbit into a hat.(魔术师把兔子变成了帽子。)
- 语法分析:
- “In addition”是插入语,用于引出新的内容与前文相衔接。
- “the growth of railroads”是主语,“turned”是谓语动词,“New York City”是宾语,“into the center of modern investment firms”是宾语补足语,用来补充说明宾语“New York City”在动作“turned”后的状态变化。
S - 7
The investment firms evaluated the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities and then found purchasers for these stocks in New York City, Philadelphia, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg.
- 重点单词解析:
- evaluated:动词,是“evaluate”的过去式,意为“评估;评价”,在这里表示投资公司对铁路股票进行评估的动作。例如:The teacher evaluated the students’ work.(老师评估了学生的作业。)
- purchasers:名词,是“purchaser”的复数形式,指“购买者;采购人”,在这里表示购买铁路股票的人。例如:The store is looking for purchasers for its new products.(商店正在为其新产品寻找购买者。)
- 语法分析:
- “The investment firms”是主语,“evaluated”和“found”是并列的谓语动词,分别描述了投资公司的两项动作:评估铁路股票和为这些股票寻找购买者。
- “the stock of railroads in the smaller American cities”是“evaluated”的宾语,其中“in the smaller American cities”是后置定语修饰“railroad stock”,表示在美国较小城市的铁路股票。
- “for these stocks in New York City, Philadelphia, Paris, London, Amsterdam, and Hamburg”是后置定语修饰“purchasers”,表示在纽约市、费城、巴黎、伦敦、阿姆斯特丹和汉堡为这些股票寻找购买者。
S - 8
Controlling the flow of funds to railroads, the investment bankers began to exert influence over the railroads’ internal affairs by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble.
- 重点单词解析:
- Controlling the flow of funds to railroads:现在分词短语作状语,在这里表示“控制着流向铁路的资金流”的意思,描述投资银行家的行为状态。例如:Walking slowly, he enjoyed the scenery along the way.(慢慢地走着,他欣赏着沿途的风景。)
- exert influence over:短语动词,意为“对……施加影响”,在这里表示投资银行家对铁路内部事务施加影响的动作。例如:The big companies often exert influence over the government policies.(大公司经常对政府政策施加影响。)
- supervising administrative reorganizations:现在分词短语作状语,用来补充说明投资银行家施加影响的方式,即通过监督行政重组来施加影响。例如:He improved his English by reading English novels.(他通过阅读英语小说提高了英语水平。)
- 语法分析:
- “Controlling the flow of funds to railroads”是现在分词短语作状语,放在句首,其逻辑主语是“the investment bankers”,用来强调投资银行家在控制资金流的情况下开始做后续动作。
- “the investment bankers”是主语,“began to exert influence over”是谓语动词短语,“the railroads’ internal affairs”是宾语,“by supervising administrative reorganizations in times of trouble”是方式状语,用来描述投资银行家施加影响的具体方式。